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Thermodynamics

Intermediate

Simulate gas particles in a container and observe the ideal gas law in action. Adjust temperature and volume to see how microscopic particle motion produces macroscopic pressure and temperature.

Key Formulas

Ideal Gas Law
PV=nRTPV = nRT

Fundamental relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of an ideal gas.

Kinetic Energy
⟨Ek⟩=32kBT\langle E_k \rangle = \frac{3}{2}k_BT

Average translational kinetic energy of a gas molecule related to temperature.

RMS Speed
vrms=3kBTmv_{\text{rms}} = \sqrt{\frac{3k_BT}{m}}

Root-mean-square speed of gas molecules at a given temperature.

First Law
ΔU=Q−W\Delta U = Q - W

Change in internal energy equals heat added minus work done by the system.

Entropy Change
ΔS=∫δQrevT\Delta S = \int \frac{\delta Q_{\text{rev}}}{T}

Entropy change for a reversible process, a measure of disorder.

Key Concepts

  • Kinetic theory of gases
  • Equipartition of energy
  • Relationship between temperature and molecular speed
  • Pressure from molecular collisions
  • Carnot cycle and thermodynamic efficiency
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